On the Consonant phonemes of Standard Manchu Language from 18th to 19th Century
(53rd Annual Meeting of the PIAC, St. Petersburg 2010)
In this paper, the author tries to infer the consonant phonemes of standard Manchu language from 18th to 19th century, by making use of the Manchu documents marked with phonetic symbols in Chinese, Korean, English and French in that period.